Clinical psychiatry and clinical medicine in general is at least 20-30 years behind modern neuroscience both in understanding how the brain functions and in explaining how it can cause mental and physical illness. Most clinical psychiatrists do not study neuroscience or brain imaging. As a result they have little understanding of how the brain functions and are typically unaware of the growing neuroscience literature establishing the causes or mechanisms which underly mental illness. Consequently, while other medical specialities have seen signficant scientific and technololgical advancements, psychiatrists still rely on the same limited techniques they have used for over a century; subjective iterviews aimed at assigning arbitrary diagnoses. The lack of a framework for understanding brain function has led to hesitation in integrating new technology (e.g., brain imaging) and other objective tests into clinical practice. As a result, psychiatric medication providers often end up making medication decisions for somewhat arbitrary reasons (e.g., they are more familiar with the drug, it's the same drug their instructor liked to use, etc). However, this is not the fault of individual clinicians, as they have few tools at their disposal which predict how effective a medication will be for a specific individual.